Alzheimer's is an irreversible, progressive brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills, and eventually even the ability to carry out the simplest tasks. It is the most common cause of dementia, a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer's disease accounts for 60 to 80 per cent of dementia cases. It is physically devastating, affecting all aspects of a person's life, including physical health, mood, behaviour, and ability to communicate. As the disease progresses, it destroys brain cells, resulting in memory loss, confusion, impaired judgment, and personality changes, eventually leading to death. Alzheimer's has no current cure, but treatments for symptoms are available and research continues.
Australian researchers, including one of an origin, have developed a simple, cheap and non-invasive blood test that could help predict a person's risk of developing Alzheimer's disease up to 20 years before symptoms show.
Physicists from The Australian National University (ANU) have come up with a way to use nanotechnology, combined with artificial intelligence (AI), to analyse proteins in the blood to search for signs of early neurodegeneration, or tell-tale "biomarkers" that point to the onset of Alzheimer's.
The physicists developed an ultra-thin silicon chip containing "nanopores" -- tiny, nanometer-sized holes that analyse the proteins one at a time with help from an advanced AI algorithm. A small amount of blood is placed on the silicon chip and inserted into a portable device, about the size of a mobile phone, which uses the AI algorithm to search for signatures corresponding to the proteins that show signs of early-onset Alzheimer's.
Although there is no cure for Alzheimer's, ANU researcher Shankar Dutt said knowing whether someone is at risk of developing Alzheimer's 20 years before a potential diagnosis could significantly improve health outcomes for patients.
"If that person can find out their risk level that far in advance, then it gives them plenty of time to start making positive lifestyle changes and adopt medication strategies that may help slow down the progression of the disease," he said.
The team said the algorithm, detailed in the journal Small Methods, can be trained to screen for multiple neurological conditions at the same time, including Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
"Currently, Alzheimer's is mostly diagnosed based on evidence of mental deterioration, by which stage the disease has already seriously damaged the brain," said co-author Professor Patrick Kluth, from the ANU Research School of Physics.
"Early detection, which is vital for effective treatment, normally involves invasive and expensive hospital procedures such as a lumbar puncture, which can be physically and mentally taxing for patients.
"Our technique, on the other hand, requires only a small blood sample and patients could receive their results in near real-time.
"The quick and simple test could be done by GPs and other clinicians, which would eliminate the need for a hospital visit and prove especially convenient for people living in regional and remote areas," Kluth said
The researchers describe finding the proteins with signs of early neurodegeneration like searching for a needle in a haystack.
"Blood is a complex fluid that contains more than 10,000 different biomolecules. By employing advanced filtration techniques and harnessing our nanopore platform, combined with our intelligent machine learning algorithms, we may be able to identify even the most elusive proteins," Dutt said.
(With IANS Inputs)
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